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Although in English grammar the gerund refers to the -ing form of the verb used as a noun, in Spanish the term refers to a verb form that behaves more like an adverb. It is created by adding the following endings to the stem of the verb (i.e. the infinitive without the last two letters):
The standard pronunciation in modern English is /ɪŋ/, with a velar nasal consonant. Variants include /ɪŋg/ (e.g. Northern England), /ɪn/ or /ən/ (widespread) and /i (ː)n/ (mainly US, [3] but also in Canada [4] ). The variants with /n/ may be denoted in writing with an apostrophe: runnin' for running.
-kje for words ending in -ing: koning (king) → koninkje (the 'ng'-sound transforms into 'nk'), but vondeling → vondelingetje (foundling) -tje for words ending in -h, -j, -l, -n, -r, -w, or a vowel other than -y: zoen → zoen tje ( kiss ), boei → boei tje ( buoy ), appel → appel tje ( apple ), ei → ei tje ( egg ), keu → keu tje ...
The present participle/gerund is formed by adding -ing, again with the application of certain spelling rules similar to those that apply with -ed. The irregular verbs of English are described and listed in the article English irregular verbs (for a more extensive list, see List of English irregular verbs). In the case of these:
Gerund. In linguistics, a gerund ( / ˈdʒɛrənd, - ʌnd / [1] abbreviated ger) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages; most often, but not exclusively, it is one that functions as a noun. The name is derived from Late Latin gerundium, meaning "which is to be carried out".
Before o (in the first person singular of the indicative present tense) and a (that is, in all persons of the present subjunctive), the so-called G-verbs (sometimes "Go-Yo verbs" or "Yo-Go" verbs or "Go" verbs) add a medial -g-after l and n (also after s in asir), add -ig-when the root ends in a vowel, or substitute -g-for -c-.
Spanish is a Romance language which developed from Vulgar Latin in central areas of the Iberian peninsula and has absorbed many loanwords from other Romance languages like French, Occitan, Catalan, Portuguese, and Italian. [1] Spanish also has lexical influences from Arabic and from Paleohispanic languages such as Iberian, Celtiberian and Basque.
For the distinction between [ ], / / and , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Metathesis ( / məˈtæθəsɪs / mə-TATH-ə-siss; from Greek μετάθεσις, from μετατίθημι "I put in a different order"; Latin: transpositio) is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence.
Spanish ( español) or Castilian ( castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in the Americas and Spain, and about 600 million when including second language ...
In Cockney, the -thing suffix, often affected by the G-dropping like -ing, can be pronounced with a voiceless instead. This yields [ˈnʌfɪŋk] for "nothing". This can be preglottalized ([ˈnʌfɪŋʔk]) just like the underlying voiceless stops in "think", "limp" and "tint": [fɪŋʔk, lɪmʔp, tɪnʔt].