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A randomness extractor, often simply called an "extractor", is a function, which being applied to output from a weak entropy source, together with a short, uniformly random seed, generates a highly random output that appears independent from the source and uniformly distributed.
Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator ( RNG ), a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance is generated. This means that the particular outcome sequence will contain some patterns detectable in hindsight but impossible to foresee.
In computing, a hardware random number generator (HRNG), true random number generator (TRNG), non-deterministic random bit generator (NRBG), or physical random number generator is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process capable of producing entropy (in other words, the device always has access to a physical entropy source ...
Tree diagram. v. t. e. In probability and statistics, a Bernoulli process (named after Jacob Bernoulli) is a finite or infinite sequence of binary random variables, so it is a discrete-time stochastic process that takes only two values, canonically 0 and 1.
Fuzzy extractors are a method that allows biometric data to be used as inputs to standard cryptographic techniques, to enhance computer security. "Fuzzy", in this context, refers to the fact that the fixed values required for cryptography will be extracted from values close to but not identical to the original key, without compromising the ...
Extractor (mathematics) An - extractor is a bipartite graph with nodes on the left and nodes on the right such that each node on the left has neighbors (on the right), which has the added property that for any subset of the left vertices of size at least , the distribution on right vertices obtained by choosing a random node in and then ...
Data extraction. Data extraction is the act or process of retrieving data out of (usually unstructured or poorly structured) data sources for further data processing or data storage ( data migration ). The import into the intermediate extracting system is thus usually followed by data transformation and possibly the addition of metadata prior ...
A centrifugal extractor—also known as a centrifugal contactor or annular centrifugal contactor—uses the rotation of the rotor inside a centrifuge to mix two immiscible liquids outside the rotor and to separate the liquids in the field of gravity inside the rotor.
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, but can also be from liquids. SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or on a larger scale to ...
In quantum mechanics, for systems where the total number of particles may not be preserved, the number operator is the observable that counts the number of particles. The following is in bra–ket notation: The number operator acts on Fock space. Let. be a Fock state, composed of single-particle states drawn from a basis of the underlying ...