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PD-1 + Bregs have been shown to suppress CD4 + and CD8 + T cell activity and induce Tr1 cells, while PD-L1 Bregs were reported to inhibit NK and CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity. [3] Some Bregs also express additional suppressive molecules such as CD39, CD73, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor. [1]
Antigen-specific mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include persistent of T cell in quiescence, ignorance of antigen and direct inactivation of effector T cells by either clonal deletion, conversion to regulatory T cells (Tregs) or induction of anergy.
Cis-regulatory elements ( CREs) or cis-regulatory modules ( CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryonic development, studied in evolutionary ...
In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the enzyme's active site . The site to which the effector binds is termed the allosteric site or regulatory site. Allosteric sites allow effectors to bind to the protein, often resulting in a ...
A regulatory sequence is a segment of a nucleic acid molecule which is capable of increasing or decreasing the expression of specific genes within an organism. Regulation of gene expression is an essential feature of all living organisms and viruses.
By a similar regulatory mechanism, the development of B10pro cells is inhibited by TGF-β and IFN-γ. [1] Through their inhibitory effects, B10 cells interfere with antigen-presenting abilities, the production of cytokines, and the activation of dendritic cells. [1]
Trans-regulatory element. Trans-regulatory elements (TRE) are DNA sequences encoding upstream regulators (ie. trans-acting factors ), which may modify or regulate the expression of distant genes. [1] Trans-acting factors interact with cis-regulatory elements to regulate gene expression. [2]
Bragg's law. In many areas of science, Bragg's law, Wulff –Bragg's condition, or Laue–Bragg interference are a special case of Laue diffraction, giving the angles for coherent scattering of waves from a large crystal lattice. It describes how the superposition of wave fronts scattered by lattice planes leads to a strict relation between the ...
Transcriptional regulation. In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA ( transcription ), thereby orchestrating gene activity.
Post-transcriptional regulation is the control of gene expression at the RNA level. It occurs once the RNA polymerase has been attached to the gene's promoter and is synthesizing the nucleotide sequence. Therefore, as the name indicates, it occurs between the transcription phase and the translation phase of gene expression.