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The standard pronunciation in modern English is /ɪŋ/, with a velar nasal consonant. Variants include /ɪŋg/ (e.g. Northern England), /ɪn/ or /ən/ (widespread) and /i (ː)n/ (mainly US, [3] but also in Canada [4] ). The variants with /n/ may be denoted in writing with an apostrophe: runnin' for running.
The -ing form ( going, writing, climbing ), used as a present participle, gerund, (de)verbal noun, and sometimes (de)verbal adjective. The verb be has a larger number of different forms ( am, is, are, was, were, etc.), while the modal verbs have a more limited number of forms.
English grammar is the set of structural rules of the English language. This includes the structure of words , phrases , clauses , sentences , and whole texts. This article describes a generalized, present-day Standard English – a form of speech and writing used in public discourse, including broadcasting, education, entertainment, government ...
The term "-ing form" is often used in English to refer to the gerund specifically. Traditional grammar makes a distinction within -ing forms between present participles and gerunds, a distinction that is not observed in such modern grammars as A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language and The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language.
English grammar. Verbs constitute one of the main parts of speech (word classes) in the English language. Like other types of words in the language, English verbs are not heavily inflected. Most combinations of tense, aspect, mood and voice are expressed periphrastically, using constructions with auxiliary verbs .
Published. 1985 (1st Ed), Cambridge University Press and 2019 Jan (5th Ed) Media type. Paper Book, or eBook. ISBN. 978-1-108-45765-1 (5th Ed) English Grammar in Use is a self-study reference and practice book for intermediate to advanced students of English.
See -ing. Modern English. Modern English includes two traditional terms for its participles: The present participle, also sometimes called the active, imperfect, or progressive participle, takes the ending -ing, for example doing, seeing, working, running, breaking, understanding.
The continuous aspect is constructed by using a form of the copula, "to be", together with the present participle (marked with the suffix -ing). It is generally used for actions that are occurring at the time in question, and does not focus on the larger time-scale. For example, the sentence "Andrew was playing tennis when Jane called him."
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (CamGEL) is a descriptive grammar of the English language. Its primary authors are Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum. Huddleston was the only author to work on every chapter. It was published by Cambridge University Press in 2002 and has been cited more than 8,000 times.
Sometimes, English has a lexical distinction where other languages may use the distinction in grammatical aspect. For example, the English verbs "to know" (the state of knowing) and "to find out" (knowing viewed as a "completed action") correspond to the imperfect and perfect forms of the equivalent verbs in French and Spanish, savoir and saber .